Materials¶

windIO defines a material database, which consists of a list of entries each marked by a dash.

   -  name: Gelcoat
      orth: 0
      rho: 1235.0
      E: 3.440e+009
      G: 1.323e+009
      nu: 0.300
      alpha: 0.0
      Xt: 74
      Xc: 87
      S: 2.126e+7
      GIc: 303
      GIIc: 3446
      alp0: 53
      ply_t: 5.0E-4
      waste: 0.25
      unit_cost: 7.23
      component_id: 0
   -  name: steel
      description: Steel of the tower and monopile ASTM A572 Grade 50
      source: http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=9ced5dc901c54bd1aef19403d0385d7f
      orth: 0
      rho: 7800
      alpha: 0.0
      E: 200.e+009
      nu: 0.3
      G: 79.3e+009
      GIc: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      GIIc: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      alp0: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      Xt: 450.e+006
      Xc: 450.e+006
      S: 0
      Xy: 345.e+6
      m: 3
      unit_cost: 0.7
   -  name: steel_drive
      description: Steel of the drivetrain ASTM 4140 40Cr1Mo28
      source: http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=38108bfd64c44b4c9c6a02af78d5b6c6
      orth: 0
      rho: 7850
      alpha: 0.0
      E: 205.e+009
      nu: 0.3
      G: 80.0e+009
      GIc: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      GIIc: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      alp0: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      Xt: 814.e+006
      Xc: 814.e+006
      S: 0
      Xy: 485.e+6
      m: 3
      unit_cost: 0.9
   -  name: cast_iron
      description: Cast iron for hub and nacelle components
      source: TODO
      orth: 0
      rho: 7200
      alpha: 0.0
      E: 118.e+009
      nu: 0.3
      G: 47.6e+009
      GIc: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      GIIc: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      alp0: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      Xt: 310.e+006
      Xc: 310.e+006
      S: 0
      Xy: 265.e+6
      m: 3
      unit_cost: 0.5
   -  name: glass_uni
      description: Vectorply E-LT-5500, Epikote MGS RIMR 135/Epicure MGS RIMH 1366 epoxy
      source: MSU composites database 3D property tests, Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials, Daniel, I & Ishai, O., 1994, pg. 34
      orth: 1
      rho: 1940.0
      E: [4.46E+10, 1.7E+10, 1.67E+10]
      G: [3.27E+9, 3.48E+9, 3.5E+9]
      nu: [0.262, 0.35, 0.264]
      Xt: [6.092E+8, 3.81E+7, 1.529E+7]
      Xc: [4.7471E+8, 1.1264E+8, 1.1322E+8]
      S: [1.891E+7, 1.724E+7, 1.316E+7]
      m: 10
      GIc: 303
      GIIc: 3446
      alp0: 53
      fvf: 0.57
      fwf: 0.7450682696347697
      ply_t: 0.005
      unit_cost: 1.87
      waste: 0.05
      fiber_density: 2535.5
      area_density_dry: 7.227162215457267
      component_id: 5
   -  name: CarbonUD
      E: [114500000000.0, 8390000000.0, 8390000000.0]
      G: [5990000000.0, 5990000000.0, 5990000000.0]
      rho: 1220.0
      orth: 1
      nu: [0.27, 0.27, 0.27]
      Xt: [1546.e+6, 0.0, 0.0]
      Xc: [1047.e+6, 0.0, 0.0]
      S: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
      m: 16.1
      GIc: 0.0
      GIIc: 0.0
      alp0: 0.0
      fvf: 0.1076923076923077 #0.5384615384615385
      fwf: 0.15889029003783103 #0.6461538461538463
      ply_t: 0.005158730158730159 #0.0010317460317460314
      unit_cost: 30.
      waste: 0.05
      fiber_density: 1800.
      area_density_dry: 1.000
      component_id: 4
   -  name: glass_biax
      description: Vectorply E-LT-5500, Epikote MGS RIMR 135/Epicure MGS RIMH 1366 epoxy
      source: MSU composites database 3D property tests, Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials, Daniel, I & Ishai, O., 1994, pg. 34
      orth: 1
      rho: 1940.0
      E: [1.11e+10, 1.11e+10, 1.67e+10]
      G: [1.353e+10, 3.49e+9, 3.49e+9]
      nu: [0.5, 0.0, 0.066]
      Xt: [4.29e+7, 4.26e+7, 1.53e+7]
      Xc: [7.07e+7, 7.07e+7, 1.132e+8]
      S: [1.034e+8, 1.72e+7, 1.32e+7]
      m: 10
      GIc: 303
      GIIc: 3446
      alp0: 53
      fvf: 0.57
      fwf: 0.7450682696347697
      ply_t: 0.001
      waste: 0.15
      unit_cost: 3.00
      fiber_density: 2535.5
      area_density_dry: 1.4454324430914534
      component_id: 3
      roll_mass: 181.4368
   -  name: glass_triax
      description: Vectorply E-LT-5500, Epikote MGS RIMR 135/Epicure MGS RIMH 1366 epoxy
      source: MSU composites database 3D property tests, Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials, Daniel, I & Ishai, O., 1994, pg. 34
      orth: 1.0
      rho: 1940.0
      E: [2.87e+10, 1.66e+10, 1.67e+10]
      G: [8.4e+9, 3.49e+9, 3.49e+9]
      nu: [0.5, 0.0, 0.17]
      Xt: [3.96e+8, 7.64e+7, 1.53e+7]
      Xc: [4.489e+8, 1.747e+8, 1.132e+8]
      S: [1.034e+8, 1.72e+7, 1.32e+7]
      m: 10
      GIc: 303
      GIIc: 3446
      alp0: 53
      fvf: 0.57
      fwf: 0.7450682696347697
      ply_t: 0.001
      unit_cost: 2.86
      waste: 0.15
      fiber_density: 2535.5
      area_density_dry: 1.4454324430914534
      component_id: 2
      roll_mass: 181.4368
   -  name: medium_density_foam
      description: Airex C70.130 PVC Foam, source 'https://www.3accorematerials.com/uploads/documents/TDS-AIREX-C70-E_1106.pdf'
      orth: 0.0
      rho: 130.0
      E: 1.292e+8
      G: 4.8946969696969695e+7
      nu: 0.32
      Xt: 2083000.0
      Xc: 1563000.0
      S: 1250000.0
      GIc: 303
      GIIc: 3446
      alp0: 53
      component_id: 1
      waste: 0.2
      unit_cost: 13
   -  name: resin
      description: epoxy
      E: 1.e+6
      nu: 0.3  #Place holder, currently not used
      G: 312500.0  #Place holder, currently not used
      GIc: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      GIIc: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      alp0: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      Xt: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      Xc: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      S: 0  #Place holder, currently not used
      rho: 1150.
      alpha: 0.0
      orth: 0
      unit_cost: 3.63
   -  name: adhesive
      description: Sample adhesive
      source: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/73585.pdf
      orth: 0
      rho: 1100
      E: 4.56e+006
      nu: 0.49
      alpha: 0.0
      Xt: 0.69e+006
      Xc: 0.4e+006
      S: 0.31e+006
      G: 1520000.0
      unit_cost: 9.0

nameString: Name of the material
descriptionString: Optional string to describe the material
sourceString: Optional string to describe the origin of the material, for example referencing a report or a paper
orthBoolean: Flag specifying whether a material is isotropic (0) or orthotropic (1). This determines whether some of the fields below are specified as a float or an array of floats.
rhoFloat, kg/m3: Density of the material. For composites, this is the density of the laminate once cured.
EFloat (orth=0), array of three floats (orth=1), Pa: Stiffness modulus. For orthotropic materials, it consists of an array with E11, E22, and E33 (see below about the reference system).
GFloat (orth=0), array of three floats (orth=1), Pa: Shear stiffness modulus. For orthotropic materials, it consists of an array with G12, G13, and G23.
nuFloat (orth=0), array of three floats (orth=1): Poisson ratio. For orthotropic materials, it consists of an array with nu12, nu13, and nu23.
XtFloat (orth=0), array of three floats (orth=1), Pa: Ultimate tensile strength. For orthotropic materials, it consists of an array with Xt11, Xt22, and Xt33.
XcFloat (orth=0), array of three floats (orth=1), Pa: Ultimate compressive strength. For orthotropic materials, it consists of an array with Xc11, Xc22, and Xc33. Values are defined positive.
XyFloat, Pa: Ultimate yield strength.
SFloat (orth=0), array of three floats (orth=1), Pa: Ultimate shear strength. For orthotropic materials, it consists of an array with S12, S13, and S23. Values are defined positive.
alphaFloat (orth=0) or array of three floats (orth=1), 1/K: Thermal coefficient of expansion. For orthotropic materials, it consists of an array with alpha11, alpha22, and alpha33.
GIcFloat, J/m2: Mode 1 critical energy-release rate.
GIIcFloat, J/m2: Mode 2 critical energy-release rate.
alp0Float, rad: Fracture angle under pure transverse compression.
fvfFloat: Fiber volume fraction of a composite material. The minimum values is 0 (only matrix), the maximum value is 1 (only fibers).
fwfFloat: Fiber weight fraction of a composite material. The minimum values is 0 (only matrix), the maximum value is 1 (only fibers).
ply_tFloat: Ply thickness of a composite material. The unit of measure is m. The actual laminate thickness is defined in the fields components.
unit_costFloat, $/kg: Unit cost of the material. For composites, this is the unit cost of the dry fabric.
fiber_densityFloat, kg/m3: Density of the fibers of a composite material. Standard glass fiber has a fiber density of approximately 2600 kg/m3, while standard carbon fiber has a fiber density of approximately 1800 kg/m3.
AFloat (orth=0) or array of three floats (orth=1): Fatigue S/N curve fitting parameter S=A*N^(-1/m).
mFloat (orth=0) or array of three floats (orth=1): Fatigue S/N curve fitting parameter S=A*N^(-1/m).
RFloat (orth=0) or array of three floats (orth=1): Fatigue stress ratio.
area_density_dryFloat, kg/m2: Aerial density of the fabric of a composite material.
wasteFloat: Fraction of material that ends up wasted during manufacturing. This quantity is used in the NREL blade cost model https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/73585.pdf.
roll_massFloat, kg: Mass of a roll of fabric. This quantity is used in the NREL blade cost model https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/73585.pdf.
component_idInteger: Flag to define the manufacturing process behind a laminates. It is used by the NREL blade cost model https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/73585.pdf . 0 - coating, 1 - sandwich filler , 2 - shell skin, 3 - shear webs, 4 - spar caps, 5 - TE reinf.

The schema enforces that the fields name, orth, rho, E, and nu are specified.

For composites, direction 1 is aligned with the main fiber direction, direction 2 is in the plane transverse to the fibers, and direction 3 is perspendicular to the laminate plane. Note that fiber angles are specified in internal_structure_2d_fem.

Materials¶

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